Evaluation of sperm morphology: What the spermiogram is telling us

Abstract

Evaluation of sperm morphology is a critical component of complete male breeding soundness examinations in all species. Through the development of spermiograms, veterinarians can develop a diagnosis for the visualized disruption in spermato­genesis and the likely probability for recovery. Consequently, the veterinarian and producer are able to engage in more meaningful conversation regarding realistic expectations for the future breeding status of a bull. These conversations add value to the common diagnoses that are associated with breed­ing soundness exams such as satisfactory potential breeder, de­ferred potential breeder or unsatisfactory potential breeder.