Winning strategies against urolithiasis

Abstract

Urolithiasis is a multifactorial disease of male ruminants caus­ing significant economic loss and compromise of animal wel­fare. Known risk factors include anatomic factors, urine pH, water intake, dietary composition and genetic factors. Clinical cases of obstructive urolithiasis may be treated using a variety of medical and surgical interventions, including tube cystos­tomy, perineal urethrostomy, urinary bladder marsupialization and modifications of these procedures designed to optimize pa­tient outcome. Preventative measures aimed at the known risk factors include addressing body water balance, mineral compo­sition of the diet and anatomical factors.